Milgram and Asch Study

The research Asch study by the experimenters was led by Solomon Asch. The study also relates to Milgram’s study in the way they demonstrate unethical principles in the research experiments. The study offers experiments that indicate that the X line is preferred to be bigger than line Y. The illustration has unethical research experiments in the sense that the participants would accept each other toward the concept. However, they have an understanding that it is to be false and thus conformity to the group. The experiments were done through the incorporation of various participants on the actual subject where everyone was seated in a classroom, and they were involved in the announcement of their judgement of the dimension of numerous lines that were drawn on a sequence of presentations. The experimentation was in regard to testing the line that was longer compared to the other, although they were of the same length. The research experimentation study has unethical principles since the X and Y lines are all the same.

The difference between the two studies is that the Asch conformity experiments outline that the subjects in the studies contributed themselves together with their deprived eyesight and judgment. In the Milgram experiments, the experimenters are blamed for explaining their behavior. The similarity of the two studies is that they always succeed in the process of pressuring the people to go against their consciences. Participants act differently from their perspectives as they follow the conformity power and authority of those coordinating the experimentation. The conformity to the illustrations of the study is affected by the power attributed to the fulfilment of the stated level of obedience. The adaptation of the behaviors through following the social normality in both studies describes unethical principles as a result of the power of conformity.

Psychologist. (2018). Asch: Social influence, conforming in groups. Psychologist World | Psychology News, Tests, Theories and Guides. https://www.psychologistworld.com/influence-personality

Psychology. (2018). Asch and Milgram Experiments : Social Psychology https://mozartcultures.com/en/asch-and-milgram-experiments-social-psychology/

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Week 5 Discussion

Mills, K. I. (2009, March). More shocking results: New research replicates Milgram’s findings. Monitor on Psychology. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/03/milgram

Week 5 Discussion – Obedience

Myers, D., & Twenge, J. (2018).



Social psychology



(13th ed.). McGraw-Hill
. ISBN: 9781259911040.

Tong, E. M. W., Ng, C.-X., Ho, J. B. H., Yap, I. J. L., Chua, E. X. Y., Ng, J. W. X., Ho, D. Z. Y., & Diener, E. (2021). Gratitude facilitates obedience: New evidence for the social alignment perspective. Emotion, 21(6), 1302–1316. https://doi-org.su.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/emo0000928.supp (Supplemental)

The Milgram study, by today’s standards, is considered an unethical research experiment. However, it is still being used as one of the classical experiments describing obedience.

• Search the Internet to find another research study (not one from the textbook) explaining similar principles as the Milgram’s study.
• Compare and contrast the study you found with the Milgram study.

Justify your answers with appropriate reasoning and research from your text and course readings. Comment on the postings of at least two peers and provide an analysis of each peer’s postings while also suggesting specific additions or clarifications for improving the discussion question response.

To support your work, make sure to utilize your course and text readings. When asked, utilize outside sources. As in all assignments make sure to cite your sources in your work and provide a reference for that citation utilizing APA format.

 can only use peer reviewed and scholarly sources to support your work. Your posts should also be a minimum of 200- 250 words for your primary posts and at least 75- 100 words for your peer responses. Be sure to post to 2 peers on 2 different days for full credit.

This is a graded discussion: 5 points possible

due Mar 3

Week 5 – Discussion Forum

44 unread replies.44 replies.

Your initial discussion thread is due on Day 3 (Thursday) and you have until Day 7 (Monday) to respond to your classmates. Your grade will reflect both the quality of your initial post and the depth of your responses. Refer to the Discussion Forum Grading Rubric under the Settings icon above for guidance on how your discussion will be evaluated.

Ethical Considerations in Health Care [WLOs: 1, 2] [CLOs: 1, 3, 5, 6]

Prior to beginning work on this discussion forum, read Chapters 10 and 11 in our textbook along with the instructor guidance. Additionally, review the following:
A Brief History of Environmental Bioethics (Links to an external site.).

Medical ethics encompasses many situations. In this discussion, you will explore one of the following ethical issues related to the health care industry.

Below is the ethical issue you are assigned to complete in your initial post.

Financial – fraudulent billing practices, dropping insurers due to low reimbursements or extended repayment periods, financial kickbacks from pharmaceutical or assistive devices manufacturers, prescribing or withholding treatments to meet an organization’s budget.

In your initial post, address the following:

· Create a brief example illustrating unethical behavior as it relates to your assigned topic. The example can be either a fictitious scenario or based on a real-world event.

· Discuss the steps you would take if you witnessed the unethical behavior discussed above in your workplace.

· Explain the steps you would take if you were asked to participate in the unethical practice addressed above.

· Describe how an organization’s strategic plan can address unethical behaviors as it relates to your assigned topic.

Your initial post must be at least 250 words and must use a minimum of two credible sources to support your discussion content. The supporting resources can be the textbook as well as the required or recommended resources provided in this course, the University of Arizona Global Campus Library, or credible websites.

The
Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.) table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. All referenced materials must include citations and references in APA format. Please see directions for including APA Style elements on these Writing Center pages:
APA: Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.) and
APA: Formatting Your References List (Links to an external site.).

Guided Response: Respond to two peers who were assigned a different topic than yours by the end of Day 7. In your response discuss additional steps that might be taken to address the unethical behavior or what you would do if you were asked to participate in unethical behavior. Each response must be at least 100 words and substantively contribute to the discussion.

Week 5 Discussion

Pain is when a person suffers physically due to an injury or illness (Goldstein & Brockmole, 2016). To understand pain, we must understand the multimodal nature of the pain, as how people describe their pain, such as throbbing or dull pain, is the sensory component of pain, and pain that is described as annoying or frightful, are referred to as affective or emotional component of pain (Malzack, 1999). Chronic pain can hinder our daily activities, by making it very hard to complete tasks, can also make a person feel very isolated, and can become reliant on family and friends for help with activities (https://my.cleavlandclinic.org/health/diseases).

If we could not sense pain, we would become vulnerable, lifeless, and fearless, because pain protects us from danger, and makes us kinder to others (

https://www

.scmp.com>yourvoice). Pain tells us that something is wrong with our bodies, and without feeling pain, we would have wounds, and broken bones, that we have no knowledge of (

https://www.quora.com/What-would-happen-if-humans-could-not-feel-pain).

Immediate pain is the first sharp pain that is felt when pain signals travel quickly down the delta fibres (nerve fibers), at the time of injury (

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/a-delta-fiber
). Special pain receptors called nociceptors activates whenever there has been an injury (Goldstein & Brockmole, 2016). Acute pain does not persist until after the initial injury has healed, it is caused by things such as a broken bone, cuts or burns, it is a mild and temporary pain (

https://southernpainclinic.com/blog/the-difference-).

I believe that when it comes to pain, we do tend to try an eliminate pain to often, and too soon, by taking medications, instead of trying other techniques to relieve pain such as meditation or home remedies. Experiencing prolonged pain can lead to an increase in pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia), for example, taking higher doses of opioid drugs for pain, can lead to pain sensitivity, because of the pain a person experience can urge them to take higher doses, more frequently that necessary (

https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/what-is-hyperalgesia).

References:

Goldstein, E. B., & Brockmole, J. (2016). Sensation and Perception (10th Edition). Cengage Learning US.

https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/books/9781305888326

(

https://www

.scmp.com>yourvoice).

(

https://my.cleavlandclinic.org/health/diseases).

(

https://www.quora.com/What-would-happen-if-humans-could-not-feel-pain).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/a-delta-fiber

)

(

https://southernpainclinic.com/blog/the-difference-).

(

https://www.webmd.com/pain-management/what-is-hyperalgesia).

Week 5 Discussion
Week 5 DiscussionData representation and interactivity are important aspects of data visualization.  Review the text by Kirk (2019) and note at least three storytelling techniques.  Note the importance of each and the advantages of using these techniques.

• Provide the full DSM-5 diagnosis for the client. Remember, a full diagnosis should include the name of the disorder, ICD-10-CM code, specifiers, severity, and the Z codes (other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention).  Keep in mind a diagnosis covers the most recent 12 months.

Social workers take particular care when diagnosing anxiety due to its similarity to other conditions. In this Discussion, you carefully assess a client with anxiety disorder using the steps of differential diagnosis. You also recommend an intervention for treating the disorder.

To prepare: Read the case provided by your instructor for this week’s Discussion. Review the decision trees for anxiety and OCD in the Morrison (2014) text and the podcasts on anxiety. Then access the Walden Library and research interventions for anxiety.

By Day 3

Post a 300- to 500-word response in which you address the following:

· Provide the full DSM-5 diagnosis for the client. Remember, a full diagnosis should include the name of the disorder, ICD-10-CM code, specifiers, severity, and the Z codes (other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention).  Keep in mind a diagnosis covers the most recent 12 months.

· Explain the diagnosis by matching the symptoms identified in the case to the specific criteria for the diagnosis.

· Discuss other disorders you considered for this diagnosis and eliminated (the differential diagnoses).

· Describe an evidence-based assessment scale that would assist in ongoing validation of your diagnosis.

· Recommend a specific intervention and explain why this intervention may be effective in treating the client. Support your recommendation with scholarly references and resources.

CASE of STORMÉ Intake Date: November 2020

IDENTIFYING/DEMOGRAPHIC DATA: Stormé is a 62-year-old, single, Lesbian, African American female who receives Social Security income and is not currently employed. Stormé is financially comfortable, the social security is decent, although her living expenses are always a concern to her. She lives alone in a subsidized apartment in the same building as her 72-year-old, unmarried sister so increasing the rent will not happen.

CHIEF COMPLAINT/PRESENTING PROBLEM: Stormé seeks treatment for anxiety. She says she is very concerned and the anxiety has led to pulling her hair out and it has become noticeable on top of her head. She is taking to wearing hats and wigs to hide the bald spots. Stormé reports that germs have been a regular concern of hers since adolescence, when she learned in health classes about the risks of serious diseases including sexual transmittable disease. Her sister encouraged her to seek treatment rather than “hiding her ways.” She agreed to this session even though she is pessimistic about anything working.

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: After Stormé move to her own apartment and began pulling her hair out she reported feeling better but does not always notice how much she is pulling. She fears losing control of herself. Her sister learned of her hair pulling after Stormé’s wig slipped off one evening to reveal bald spots. She set up a schedule over the past few months with her sister to help stop the hair pulling. Sometimes it worked and sometimes it didn’t. She is worried that she will be disappointing her sister by not sticking to the schedule to reduce her hair pulling. Stormé feels tired a lot trying to keep up with the cleanliness of the house especially with her lack of mobility and finds herself napping often. This then interferes with a restful sleep at night.

PAST PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY: Stormé worries about so many things, which is not new to her and she finds that by scrubbing her home clean is her best therapy to ease her anxiety. SUBSTANCE USE HISTORY: Stormé denies any abusive use of alcohol and denies any drug use.

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: Stormé has arthritis in her spine and knees and uses a walker to help her manage mobility safely. With her physical disabilities it is challenging sometimes to scrub clean the house daily. This worries her in case she gets a visitor and the house is not in order as she would like. Luckily she is no longer working so the amount of time it takes her to scrub the house clean doesn’t delay her daily schedule as it used to. FAMILY HISTORY INCLUDING MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC: Stormé shared that when she was 2 years old her mother died from tuberculosis, and the following year her father, an army officer, died from colon cancer. After his death, Stormé lived with her paternal aunt from whom she felt no love. Her older brother and sister were placed in an orphanage and Stormé was permitted to see them on Sundays. When it became apparent that the children were entitled to death benefits, Stormé aunt agreed to take custody of all three siblings. The household then consisted of Stormé paternal aunt, her husband (who Stormé described as an alcoholic), their three children, Stormé and her two older siblings. Stormé was briefly married in her early 20s (4 years) but was disappointed and hurt by her husband’s infidelity. She moved in with her sister at that time. Stormé reported it as an “anxious” time but denied hair pulling then. Stormé also enrolled in a cosmetology school and liked her work. She had to stop working “for health reasons” when she was 58 years old. CURRENT FAMILY ISSUES AND DYNAMICS: Stormé shared an apartment for over 30 years with her sister, beginning when each of their marriages dissolved. Stormé reported that when her sister began a romantic relationship 5 years ago, Stormé began to feel very anxious and cried often. She continues to cry periodically for no known reason. Stormé moved into an apartment down the hall in the building and began to pull the hair from her head, hiding her hair loss by wearing wigs. This behavior occurred at different times and resulted in scabbing. is reliant upon her sister for transportation and for a sense of social and emotional connection. Stormé worries about bothering the sister due to her transportation needs and worries if she doesn’t have her sister what would she do. She knows she is edgy with her sister often and worries that might be from lack of good sleep. The worrying has interfered with her concentration.

MENTAL STATUS EXAM: Stormé presented with meticulous grooming, although the knees of her pants were noted as worn. She looks her stated age. Stormé was collaborative during this assessment and engaged after a reluctant start. She denies suicidal and homicidal ideation. There was no evidence of hallucinations or delusions

Case Presentation: Nevaeh

Diagnosis:

F41.1- Generalized Anxiety Disorder, moderate, need to control thoughts

Z65.8- Other problem related to psychosocial circumstances, death of a parent

F42- Obsessive-compulsive disorder, moderate, need to keep everything germ free

Z91.89- Other personal risk factors, excessive cleaning

Explain the diagnosis by matching the symptoms identified in the case to the specific criteria for the diagnosis

I would diagnosis Nevaeh with Generalized Anxiety Disorder due to her constant worrying. She is anxious, experiences nausea, dizziness, sweating when she thinks her home is not clean, obsessed with cleanness. She argues with her fiancé for not helping with keeping the house clean, spends an extended period cleaning, to the point she forgets her daily schedule. Reports excessive cleaning as therapy, concerned with germs since adolescence, here is where I would consider Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

For GAD, Nevaeh meets criteria: A, B, C(1,2,5,6’D, E&F

For OCD, Nevaeh meets criteria: A(Compulsions: 1&2)B, C, D

Discuss other disorders you considered for this diagnosis and eliminated (the differential diagnoses)

The differential diagnosis considered is Panic Disorder because of Nevaeh’s symptoms of nausea, trouble breathing, intense discomfort, and feelings of being out of control. Her constant worrying leads to attacks which lead to obsessive cleaning.

Describe an evidence-based assessment scale that would assist in the ongoing validation of your diagnosis

The evidence-based assessment scale I would consider using would be the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety. This assessment scale is widely used during interviews to assess a client’s level of anxiety and several other symptoms of GAD(Rodriguez-Seijas et al., 2020).

Recommend a specific intervention and explain why this intervention may be effective in treating the client

Because Nevaeh’s issues consist of behavior, I would recommend Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. CBT is used to reframe an individual’s thoughts surrounding their mental instability. It’s essential in minimizing the symptoms and negative behaviors for the individual to function in everyday living. This form of psychotherapy uses interpersonal cognition to determine the level of anxiety when processing social information(Gómez Penedo et al., 2021).

References

Association, A. P. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

Gómez Penedo, J., Hilpert, P., grosse Holtforth, M., & Flückiger, C. (2021). Interpersonal cognitions as a mechanism of change in cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder? a multilevel dynamic structural equation model approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(11), 898–908. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000690

Rodriguez-Seijas, C., Thompson, J. S., Diehl, J. M., & Zimmerman, M. (2020). A comparison of the dimensionality of the hamilton rating scale for anxiety and the dsm-5 anxious-distress specifier interview. Psychiatry Research, 284, 112788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112788

F41.1 – Generalized anxiety disorder, moderate

Z56.9 Other Problem Related to Employment

Z63.0 Relationship Distress with Spouse or Intimate Partner

I would consider diagnosing Neveah with a generalized anxiety disorder based on the evidence provided in the case study and her symptoms as recently as May 2021, a full seven months after her initial assessment. Her preoccupation with her work performance, punctuality, and ability to focus may be affecting her diagnosis, as well as her annoyance with her boyfriend’s lack of support in reflecting her level of organization and cleanliness. As a result, additional issues that may require clinical treatment are classified as Other Employment Problems and Relationship Distress with Spouse or Intimate Partner. Neveah’s increased anxiety is classified by the following specifiers: worry, concern, disrupted sleep, and fatigue. Additionally, when Neveah is anxious, she notes nausea, dizziness, sweating, and difficulty breathing. Neveah exhibits a moderate grade of generalized anxiety disorder based on her symptoms and ability to cope (American Psychological Association [APA], 2013a).

An explanation of the diagnosis by matching the symptoms to the specific criteria for the diagnosis.

As indicated in the scenario, Neveah exhibits a variety of symptoms on a daily basis. Neveah’s primary concern is how her lack of focus is affecting her work. As a result, she frequently engages in housecleaning to cope with her inability to concentrate on work. She also cleans because she is concerned about germs in the house and as a means to alleviate her continual worry that she will have a visitor and that her house will be unprepared when they arrive. Neveah and Dion’s relationship has been strained by Neveah’s desire to clean more than he is willing to, and they sometimes argue over it. Consequently, each time she begins cleaning, her anxiety increases, and she feels nauseated and dizzy, sweats profusely, and has difficulty breathing. When these conditions occur, Neveah has somatic symptoms that are indicative of generalized anxiety disorder (APA, 2013a). Neveah is also sleep deprived and exhausted, which may be a result of her anxiety about being late for work. People with generalized anxiety disorder often worry about how others will judge them in real life social encounters, which is why Neveah is so preoccupied with how others perceive her performance at work and the appearance of her home (APA, 2013a).

A discussion of other disorders you considered for this diagnosis and reasons for their elimination (the differential diagnoses).

I initially considered obsessive-compulsive disorder in the case of Neveah due to her concern of germs and the fact that her daily house cleaning was time-consuming enough to cause disruptions in her daily schedule. However, Neveah’s need to clean could be interpreted as a coping method for expressing underlying concerns, rather than as obsessive and irrational dislike for germs. According to Keith et al. (2015), marijuana use has been connected to an increase in anxiety levels, and frequent use has been linked to other substance use. That is why, in consideration of Neveah’s social drinking and marijuana use, I also considered Medication/Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder. However, I was able to rule out this condition because she has discontinued marijuana use and does not consume an excessive amount of alcohol, which could have negative consequences. Lastly, because of Neveah’s anxiety of unexpected visitors and reluctance to spend time with friends in their houses, Social Anxiety Disorder was also explored, but was eliminated, as social anxiety disorder is defined as a fear of social situations, yet Neveah continues to socialize with her friends in other circumstances (APA, 2013a).

Evidence-based assessment scale that would assist in ongoing validation of the above diagnosis.

The use of assessment tools such as the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is critical in confirming Neveah’s diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder and associated conditions. This scale assesses the emotional, physiological, and cognitive symptoms of anxiety, as well as their severity, across four expressed dimensions: subjective, neurophysiologic, autonomic, and panic-related (Grant, 2011). The scores of this assessment can be utilized to develop a treatment plan to address the case study’s specifiers. Due to the fact that BAI can be used throughout a patient’s treatment process, it can help validate the diagnosis made at the onset of the assessment.

A recommendation of a specific intervention

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been the subject of the most research and is still the first choice for treating generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It has been established that CBT is as effective as medication in reducing anxiety and more effective six months or more after therapy is completed (Mitchell et al., 2012). Techniques like relaxation training can help alleviate the physiological responses associated with anxiety, such as accelerated heart rate, difficulty breathing, and dizziness (Kim & Kim, 2018). CBT, which assists in transforming pathological fears into normal concerns, is a recommended treatment for GAD, which has been a history of present symptoms for Nevaeh.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013a). Anxiety disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition: DSM-5 (5th ed., pp. 189–234). American Psychiatric Publishing.

Grant, M. M. (2011). Beck Anxiety Inventory. Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development, 215–217.

Keith, D. R., Hart, C. L., McNeil, M. P., Silver, R., & Goodwin, R. D. (2015). Frequent marijuana use, binge drinking and mental health problems among undergraduates. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(6), 499–506.

Kim, H. S., & Kim, E. J. (2018). Effects of relaxation therapy on anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(2), 278–284.

Mitchell, M. D., Gehrman, P., Perlis, M., & Umscheid, C. A. (2012). Comparative effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia: a systematic review. BMC Family Practice, 13(1), 2–11.

The prodromal stage is defined as the warning or pre-crisis stage.   The DOJ identified a number of issues or concerns that were present in  Ferguson leading up to the death of Michael Brown. 

• Having the benefit of the DOJ report, as a newly appointed police  chief in Ferguson, what steps would you take to rebuild the trust  between the police and the community?   
• Should the police chief and city’s elected leadership have recognized these issues or concerns in advance of the riots? 

Resources for Assessment:

• The 12 key highlights from the DOJ’s scathing Ferguson report (video and text) (Links to an external site.)
• DOJ Ferguson Report 

To support your work, make sure to utilize your course and text readings. When asked, also utilize outside sources. As in all assignments, make sure to cite your sources in your work and provide references for those citations utilizing APA format.

Week 5 Discussion

Book: Molloy, M. (2020). Experiencing the World’s Religions (8th Edition). McGraw-Hill Higher Education (US). https://savantlearningsystems.vitalsource.com/books/9781260813746

Muhammad is known in Islam as “The Seal of the Prophets.”

· Why is this phrase of great consequence for Muslims? 

· What does calling Muhammad “The Seal of the Prophets” mean for Islamic theology, ethics, worship?

Choose either Judaism OR Christianity and select a prophet from your chosen religion.

· What does the prophetic office mean for the religion you have chosen?     

· How does your choice exercise the office of prophet within either Judaism or Christianity?

· Finally, whom do you regard as being a “prophet” in today’s world?     Name this person.    

· Is the role of “prophet” still important in today’s world?  Or has “the time of the prophet” passed, never to return?